Biochemistry 10th edition

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• Chapter 1: Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells
  • 1.1: Basic Themes
  • 1.2: Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry
  • 1.3: The Beginnings of Biology
  • 1.4: The Biggest Biological Distinction: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
  • 1.5: How We Classify Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
  • 1.6: Biochemical Energetics
  
  
• Chapter 2: Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
  • 2.1: Water and Polarity
  • 2.2: Hydrogen Bonds
  • 2.3: Acids, Bases, and pH
  • 2.4: Titration Curves
  • 2.5: Buffers
  
  
• Chapter 3: Amino Acids and Peptides
  • 3.1: Amino Acids Are Three Dimensional
  • 3.2: Structures and Properties of Amino Acids
  • 3.3: Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases
  • 3.4: The Peptide Bond
  • 3.5: Small Peptides with Physiological Activity
  
  
• Chapter 4: The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
  • 4.1: Protein Structure and Function
  • 4.2: Primary Structure of Proteins
  • 4.3: Secondary Structure of Proteins
  • 4.4: Tertiary Structure of Proteins
  • 4.5: Quaternary Structure of Proteins
  • 4.6: Protein-Folding Dynamics
  
  
• Chapter 5: Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques
  • 5.1: Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells
  • 5.2: Column Chromatography
  • 5.3: Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
  • 5.4: Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein
  • 5.5: Proteomics
  
  
• Chapter 6: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition
  • 6.1: Enzyme Kinetics versus Thermodynamics
  • 6.2: Rates of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
  • 6.3: Enzyme–Substrate Binding
  • 6.4: The Michaelis–Menten Approach to Enzyme Kinetics
  • 6.5: Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
  • 6.6: Enzyme Inhibition
  
  
• Chapter 7: The Behavior of Enzymes: Allostery, Mechanisms, and Control
  • 7.1: The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes
  • 7.2: The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes
  • 7.3: Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation
  • 7.4: Zymogens
  • 7.5: The Nature of the Active Site
  • 7.6: Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms
  • 7.7: The Active Site and Transition States
  • 7.8: Coenzymes
  
  
• Chapter 8: Lipids and Biological Membranes
  • 8.1: The Definition of a Lipid
  • 8.2: The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types
  • 8.3: Biological Membranes
  • 8.4: Membrane Proteins
  • 8.5: The Functions of Membranes
  • 8.6: Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions
  • 8.7: Arachidonic Acid Derivatives
  
  
• Chapter 9: Nucleic Acids: How Structure Conveys Information
  • 9.1: Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids
  • 9.2: The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides
  • 9.3: The Structure of DNA
  • 9.4: Denaturation of DNA
  • 9.5: The Types of RNA
  • 9.6: Roles for RNA
  • 9.7: RNA and Medical Applications
  
  
• Chapter 10: Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication
  • 10.1: The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell
  • 10.2: Replication of DNA
  • 10.3: DNA Polymerase
  • 10.4: Proteins Required for DNA Replication
  • 10.5: Proofreading and Repair in Replication
  • 10.6: DNA Recombination
  • 10.7: Eukaryotic DNA Replication
  
  
• Chapter 11: Transcription of the Genetic Code: The Biosynthesis of RNA
  • 11.1: Overview of Transcription
  • 11.2: Transcription in Prokaryotes
  • 11.3: Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
  • 11.4: Transcription in Eukaryotes
  • 11.5: Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes
  • 11.6: Noncoding RNAs
  • 11.7: Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins
  • 11.8: Posttranscriptional RNA Modifications
  • 11.9: Ribozymes
  
  
• Chapter 12: Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message
  • 12.1: Translating the Genetic Message
  • 12.2: The Genetic Code
  • 12.3: Aminoacyl-tRNA Formation
  • 12.4: Prokaryotic Translation
  • 12.5: Eukaryotic Translation
  • 12.6: Posttranslational Modification of Proteins
  • 12.7: Protein Degradation
  
  
• Chapter 13: Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques
  • 13.1: Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids
  • 13.2: Restriction Endonucleases
  • 13.3: Production of Recombinant DNA and Cloning
  • 13.4: Genetic Engineering
  • 13.5: DNA Libraries
  • 13.6: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • 13.7: DNA Fingerprinting
  • 13.8: DNA Sequencing
  • 13.9: Genomics and Other "-omics
  • 13.10: DNA and Protein Microarrays
  
  
• Chapter 14: Viruses, Cancer, and Immunology
  • 14.1: Viruses
  • 14.2: Retroviruses
  • 14.3: The Immune System
  • 14.4: Cancer
  • 14.5: AIDS
  
  
• Chapter 15: The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism
  • 15.1: Standard States for Gibbs Energy Changes
  • 15.2: A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications
  • 15.3: The Nature of Metabolism
  • 15.4: The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism
  • 15.5: Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
  • 15.6: Coupling of Energy Production and Energy Use
  • 15.7: Metabolic Activation
  
  
• Chapter 16: Carbohydrates
  • 16.1: Simple Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry
  • 16.2: Reactions of Monosaccharides
  • 16.3: Some Important Oligosaccharides
  • 16.4: Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides
  • 16.5: Glycoproteins
  
  
• Chapter 17: Glycolysis
  • 17.1: The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis
  • 17.2: The Phase 1 Reactions of Glycolysis: Conversion of a Six-Carbon Glucose Molecule to Two Three-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Molecules
  • 17.3: The Phase 2 Reactions of Glycolysis: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted into Pyruvate
  • 17.4: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
  • 17.5: Energy Production in Glycolysis
  • 17.6: Control of Glycolysis
  
  
• Chapter 18: Release Mechanisms, Storage Mechanisms, and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism
  • 18.1: How Glycogen Is Degraded and Produced
  • 18.2: Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate
  • 18.3: Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
  • 18.4: Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted Through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
  
  
• Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
  • 19.1: The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism
  • 19.2: The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle
  • 19.3: How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA
  • 19.4: The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
  • 19.5: Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle
  • 19.6: The Glyoxylate Cycle: Producing Glucose from Fatty Acid Catabolism
  • 19.7: The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism
  • 19.8: The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism
  • 19.9: The Link to Oxygen
  
  
• Chapter 20: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • 20.1: The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism
  • 20.2: Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain
  • 20.3: The Organization of Electron Transport Complexes
  • 20.4: The Connection Between Electron Transport and the Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
  • 20.5: The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • 20.6: Shuttle Mechanisms for Transferring Electrons from Cytosolic NADH to the Mitochondria
  • 20.7: The ATP Yield from the Complete Oxidation of Glucose
  
  
• Chapter 21: Lipid Metabolism
  • 21.1: Lipids Are Involved in the Generation and Storage of Energy
  • 21.2: Catabolism of Lipids
  • 21.3: The Energy Yield from the Oxidation of Fatty Acids
  • 21.4: Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids
  • 21.5: Ketone Bodies
  • 21.6: Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
  • 21.7: Biosynthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids
  • 21.8: Steroid Biosynthesis
  
  
• Chapter 22: Photosynthesis
  • 22.1: Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis
  • 22.2: Photosystems I and II and the Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
  • 22.3: Photosynthesis and ATP Production
  • 22.4: Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis With and Without Oxygen
  • 22.5: The Light-Independent (Calvin Cycle) Reactions of Photosynthesis
  • 22.6: CO₂ Fixation into Sugars in Tropical Plants
  
  
• Chapter 23: The Metabolism of Nitrogen
  • 23.1: Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview
  • 23.2: Nitrogen Fixation
  • 23.3: Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism
  • 23.4: Amino Acid Biosynthesis
  • 23.5: Essential Amino Acids
  • 23.6: Amino Acid Catabolism and Nitrogen Excretion
  • 23.7: Purine Biosynthesis and Catabolism
  • 23.8: Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism
  • 23.9: Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides
  
  
• Chapter 24: Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling
  • 24.1: Connections Between Metabolic Pathways
  • 24.2: Biochemistry and Nutrition
  • 24.3: Hormones and Second Messengers
  • 24.4: Hormones and the Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
  • 24.5: Insulin and Its Effects