Thermodynamic Properties
| Substance |
ΔH°f
kJ/mol |
ΔG°f
kJ/mol |
S°
J/mol·K |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum: | ||||
| Al(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.3 | |
| AlCl3(s) | –704.2 | –628.8 | 110.7 | |
| Al2O3(s) | –1676 | –1582 | 50.92 | |
| Barium: | ||||
| Ba(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.3 | |
| Ba2+(aq) | –538.36 | –560.7 | 13 | |
| BaCO3(s) | –1219 | –1139 | 112 | |
| Boron: | ||||
| B(s) | 0 | 0 | 5.86 | |
| BF3(g) | –1137.0 | –1120.3 | 254.12 | |
| Bromine: | ||||
| Br2(l) | 0 | 0 | 152.23 | |
| Br2(g) | 30.91 | 3.13 | 245.38 | |
| Br(g) | 111.9 | 82.40 | 174.90 | |
| Br1–(aq) | –120.9 | –102.8 | 80.71 | |
| HBr(g) | –36 | –53.5 | 198.59 | |
| Calcium: | ||||
| CaO(s) | –635.1 | –603.5 | 38.2 | |
| Ca(OH)2(s) | –986.09 | |||
| CaCO3(s) | –1206.9 | –1128.8 | 92.9 | |
| Carbon: | ||||
| C(s, graphite) | 0 | 0 | 5.740 | |
| C(s, diamond) | 1.987 | 2.900 | 2.38 | |
| C(g) | 716.681 | 671.289 | 157.987 | |
| CO(g) | –110.52 | –137.15 | 197.56 | |
| CO2(g) | –393.51 | –394.36 | 213.6 | |
| CO2(aq) | –412.9 | –386.2 | 121 | |
| CCl4(g) | –103 | –53.7 | 309.7 | |
| CCl4(l) | –135.4 | –68.6 | 216.4 | |
| HCN(g) | 135 | 125 | 201.7 | |
| CH4(g) | –74.9 | –50.6 | 186.15 | |
| CS2(g) | 117.4 | 67.15 | 237.7 | |
| CS2(l) | 89.70 | 65.27 | 151.3 | |
| C2H2(g) | 226.7 | 209.2 | 200.8 | |
| C2H4(g) | 52.28 | 68.12 | 219.5 | |
| C2H6(g) | –84.67 | –32.89 | 229.5 | |
| CH3OH(g) | –201.2 | –161.9 | 237.6 | |
| CH3OH(l) | –237.6 | –166.23 | 126.8 | |
| C2H5OH(g) | –235.1 | –168.6 | 282.6 | |
| C2H5OH(l) | –277.7 | –174.76 | 160.7 | |
| CH3COOH(l) | –484.5 | –390 | 160 | |
| CH3CHO(g) | –166 | –133.7 | 266 | |
| C4H10(g) | –124.73 | –15.71 | 310.0 | |
| C4H10(l) | –147.6 | –15.0 | 231.0 | |
| C6H6(g) | 82.927 | 129.66 | 269.2 | |
| C6H6(l) | 49.028 | 124.50 | 172.8 | |
| C8H18(l) | –226 | |||
| Chlorine: | ||||
| Cl2(g) | 0 | 0 | 223.0 | |
| Cl(g) | 121.7 | 105.7 | 165.2 | |
| Cl1–(aq) | –167.2 | –131.2 | 56.5 | |
| HCl(g) | –92.30 | –95.31 | 186.80 | |
| HCl(aq) | –167.2 | –131.2 | 56.5 | |
| Chromium: | ||||
| Cr2O3(s) | –1138 | –1059 | 81.2 | |
| (NH4)2Cr 2O7(s) | –1807 | |||
| Copper: | ||||
| Cu(s) | 0 | 0 | 33.15 | |
| CuO(s) | –157 | –128 | 42.63 | |
| CuSO4(s) | –771.36 | –661.9 | 110 | |
| Cu2S(s) | –79.5 | –86.2 | 120.5 | |
| Fluorine: | ||||
| F2(g) | 0 | 0 | 202.7 | |
| F(g) | 78.99 | 61.92 | 158.64 | |
| F1–(aq) | –332.6 | –278.8 | –13.8 | |
| HF(g) | –271 | –273 | 173.67 | |
| Hydrogen: | ||||
| H2(g) | 0 | 0 | 130.57 | |
| H(g) | 217.97 | 203.26 | 114.60 | |
| H1+(aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| H2O(l) | –285.83 | –237.2 | 69.91 | |
| H2O(g) | –241.82 | –228.59 | 188.7 | |
| Iodine: | ||||
| I2(s) | 0 | 0 | 116.14 | |
| I2(g) | 62.438 | 19.36 | 260.6 | |
| I(g) | 106.84 | 70.283 | 180.68 | |
| HI(g) | 26.5 | 1.71 | 206.48 | |
| Iron: | ||||
| Fe(s) | 0 | 0 | 27.3 | |
| FeO(s) | –271.9 | –255.2 | 60.75 | |
| Fe2O3(s) | –824.2 | –742.2 | 87.40 | |
| Fe3O4(s) | –1117.1 | –1014.2 | 146.4 | |
| Lead: | ||||
| Pb(s) | 0 | 0 | 68.85 | |
| Pb2+(aq) | 1.6 | –24.3 | 21 | |
| PbBr2(s) | –277.4 | –260.7 | 161 | |
| PbCl2(s) | –359 | –314 | 136 | |
| PbO(s) | –219.0 | –189.2 | 66.5 | |
| Magnesium | ||||
| Mg(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.69 | |
| MgO(s) | –601.7 | –569.4 | 26.94 | |
| MgCl2(s) | –641.6 | –592.1 | 89.6 | |
| Nitrogen: | ||||
| N2(g) | 0 | 0 | 191.5 | |
| N(g) | 472.704 | 455.5 | 153.19 | |
| NH3(g) | –46.11 | –16.5 | 192.3 | |
| NH3(aq) | –80.29 | –26.57 | 111.3 | |
| NH4Cl(s) | –314.4 | –203.0 | 94.6 | |
| NH4NO3(s) | –365.5 | –184.0 | 151.1 | |
| NO(g) | 90.29 | 86.60 | 210.65 | |
| NO2(g) | 33.84 | 51.84 | 240.45 | |
| N2O4(g) | 9.66 | 98.28 | 304.3 | |
| Oxygen: | ||||
| O2(g) | 0 | 0 | 205.03 | |
| O(g) | 249.17 | 231.75 | 160.95 | |
| O3(g) | 143 | 163 | 238.82 | |
| Phosphorus: | ||||
| P4(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.08 | |
| P(g) | 316.4 | 280.0 | 163.2 | |
| PCl3(g) | –288.07 | –269.6 | 311.7 | |
| PCl3(l) | –319.6 | –272.4 | 217 | |
| PH3(g) | 5.4 | 13.4 | 210.2 | |
| P4O10(s) | –1640.1 | |||
| POCl3(g) | –542.2 | –502.5 | 325 | |
| POCl3(l) | –597.0 | –520.9 | 222 | |
| H3PO4(aq) | –1288.3 | –1142.6 | 158.2 | |
| Potassium | ||||
| K(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.67 | |
| KCl(s) | –436.7 | –409.2 | 82.59 | |
| KClO3(s) | –397.7 | –296.3 | 143.1 | |
| Silicon: | ||||
| Si(s) | 0 | 0 | 18.7 | |
| Si(g) | 368.2 | 323.9 | 167.8 | |
| SiO2(s) | –910.94 | –856.67 | 41.84 | |
| SiH4(g) | 34 | 56.9 | 204.5 | |
| Silver: | ||||
| Ag(s) | 0 | 0 | 42.55 | |
| Ag1+(aq) | 105.90 | 77.11 | 73.93 | |
| AgCl(s) | –127.0 | –109.70 | 96.11 | |
| Ag2O(s) | –31.05 | –11.20 | 121.3 | |
| Ag2S(s) | –32.6 | –40.7 | 144.0 | |
| Sodium: | ||||
| Na(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.45 | |
| Na1+(aq) | –240.1 | –261.9 | 59.0 | |
| NaCl(s) | –411.1 | –384.0 | 72.12 | |
| Sulfur: | ||||
| S(s, rhombic) | 0 | 0 | 31.8 | |
| SO2(g) | –296.83 | –300.19 | 248.1 | |
| SO3(g) | –395.72 | –371.1 | 256.6 | |
| S2(g) | 129 | 79.30 | 228.2 | |
| H2S(g) | –20.6 | –33.6 | 205.7 | |
| H2SO4(l) | –813.989 | –690.101 | 156.90 | |
| H2SO4(aq) | –909.3 | –744.6 | 20.08 | |
| Tin: | ||||
| Sn(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.2 | |
| SnO(s) | –286 | –257 | 56.5 | |
| SnO2(s) | –580.7 | –519.7 | 52.3 | |
| SnCl4(l) | –545.2 | –474.0 | 259 | |
| SnCl4(g) | –471.5 | –432.2 | 366 | |
| Titanium: | ||||
| Ti(s) | 0 | 0 | 30.6 | |
| Ti(g) | 468 | 422 | 180.3 | |
| TiO2(s) | –944.7 | –889.5 | 50.3 | |
| TiCl4(l) | –804.2 | –737.2 | 252.3 | |
| TiCl4(g) | –763.2 | –726.8 | 354 | |
| Zinc: | ||||
| Zn(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 | |
| ZnO(s) | –348.0 | –318.2 | 43.6 | |
| ZnCl2(s) | –415.1 | –369.4 | 111.5 | |
Selected Values of Standard Thermodynamic Properties at 298.15 K